Comments on â€å“think Before You Speak. Read Before You Think.ã¢â‚¬â
| A | |
|---|---|
| A a | |
| (See below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing organization | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabet |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0041, U+0061 |
| Alphabetical position | i Numerical value: 1 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time period | ~-700 to nowadays |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (See beneath) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | a(x), ae, eau |
| Associated numbers | 1 |
A, or a, is the first letter and the outset vowel of the modern English language alphabet and the ISO bones Latin alphabet.[1] [two] Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes.[nb 1] It is like in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives.[3] The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version tin can be written in two forms: the double-storey a and single-storey ɑ. The latter is ordinarily used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also constitute in italic type.
In the English grammar, "a", and its variant "an", are indefinite articles.
History
| Egyptian | Proto-Sinaitic ʾalp | Proto-Canaanite | Phoenician aleph | Greek Alpha | Etruscan A | Latin/ Cyrillic A | Greek Uncial | Latin 300 AD Uncial | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
The earliest certain ancestor of "A" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the offset alphabetic character of the Phoenician alphabet,[4] which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is also called an abjad to distinguish it from a true alphabet). In plough, the antecedent of aleph may take been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script[five] influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled as a triangular head with 2 horns extended.
When the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter to represent the glottal terminate—the consonant sound that the letter of the alphabet denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the commencement phoneme of the Phoenician pronunciation of the letter—so they used their version of the sign to stand for the vowel /a/, and chosen it by the similar proper name of alpha. In the primeval Greek inscriptions after the Greek Night Ages, dating to the 8th century BC, the letter rests upon its side, just in the Greek alphabet of later times information technology by and large resembles the modern uppercase, although many local varieties can be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or past the angle at which the cross line is set.
The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their civilization in the Italian Peninsula and left the letter unchanged. The Romans later adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write the Latin linguistic communication, and the resulting letter was preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to be used to write many languages, including English language.
Typographic variants
Different glyphs of the lowercase letter A.
During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter "A". First was the monumental or lapidary manner, which was used when inscribing on stone or other "permanent" media. There was also a cursive mode used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the "perishable" nature of these surfaces, there are not as many examples of this style as there are of the awe-inspiring, but at that place are still many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such as capital cursive, minuscule cursive, and semicursive minuscule. Variants also existed that were intermediate between the monumental and cursive styles. The known variants include the early semi-uncial, the uncial, and the later semi-uncial.[six]
At the stop of the Roman Empire (5th century AD), several variants of the cursive minuscule adult through Western Europe. Amidst these were the semicursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in French republic, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Keen Uk. By the 9th century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the present-day grade, was the principal form used in book-making, earlier the advent of the press press. This class was derived through a combining of prior forms.[6]
Road sign in Ireland, showing the Irish "Latin alpha" course of "a" in lower and upper case forms.
15th-century Italy saw the formation of the two primary variants that are known today. These variants, the Italic and Roman forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic form, also chosen script a, is used in most current handwriting; information technology consists of a circle and vertical stroke on the correct ("ɑ"). This slowly developed from the fifth-century course resembling the Greek letter tau in the hands of medieval Irish and English writers.[4] The Roman form is used in almost printed material; it consists of a pocket-size loop with an arc over it ("a").[vi] Both derive from the majuscule (capital) form. In Greek handwriting, it was mutual to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts and so made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the correct leg stroke adult into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten class. Graphic designers refer to the Italic and Roman forms equally "single decker a" and "double decker a" respectively.
Italic blazon is normally used to mark emphasis or more than generally to distinguish one role of a text from the remainder (ready in Roman type). At that place are another cases aside from italic type where script a ("ɑ"), besides called Latin alpha, is used in contrast with Latin "a" (such as in the International Phonetic Alphabet).
Use in writing systems
Pronunciation of the proper noun of the letter ⟨a⟩ in European languages, note that /a/ and /aː/ tin differ phonetically between [a], [ä], [æ] and [ɑ] depending on the language.
English language
In modern English orthography, the letter ⟨a⟩ represents at to the lowest degree seven unlike vowel sounds:
- the near-open up front unrounded vowel /æ/ as in pad;
- the open back unrounded vowel /ɑː/ as in male parent, which is closer to its original Latin and Greek audio;[5]
- the diphthong /eɪ/ equally in ace and major (unremarkably when ⟨a⟩ is followed by i, or occasionally ii, consonants and so some other vowel letter) – this results from Heart English lengthening followed by the Smashing Vowel Shift;
- the modified form of the above sound that occurs earlier ⟨r⟩, as in square and Mary;
- the rounded vowel of water;
- the shorter rounded vowel (non nowadays in General American) in was and what;[4]
- a schwa, in many unstressed syllables, as in about, comma, solar.
The double ⟨aa⟩ sequence does not occur in native English words, but is establish in some words derived from foreign languages such as Aaron and aardvark.[7] However, ⟨a⟩ occurs in many mutual digraphs, all with their own sound or sounds, particularly ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩, ⟨aw⟩, ⟨ay⟩, ⟨ea⟩ and ⟨oa⟩.
⟨a⟩ is the 3rd-near-commonly used letter in English (after ⟨e⟩ and ⟨t⟩) and French, the second almost common in Spanish, and the most common in Portuguese. About 8.167% of letters used in English language texts tend to exist ⟨a⟩;[8] the number is around seven.636% in French,[9] 11.525% in Spanish,[10] and 14.634% for Portuguese.[11]
Other languages
In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨a⟩ denotes an open up unrounded vowel, such as /a/, /ä/, or /ɑ/. An exception is Saanich, in which ⟨a⟩ (and the glyph Á) stands for a close-mid front unrounded vowel /due east/.
Other systems
In phonetic and phonemic notation:
- in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open front end unrounded vowel, ⟨ä⟩ is used for the open up cardinal unrounded vowel, and ⟨ɑ⟩ is used for the open back unrounded vowel.
- in X-SAMPA, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open forepart unrounded vowel and ⟨A⟩ is used for the open dorsum unrounded vowel.
Other uses
In algebra, the letter a along with various other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a variable, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. Moreover, in 1637, René Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c",[12] and this convention is yet ofttimes followed, especially in elementary algebra.
In geometry, upper-case letter A, B, C etc. are used to announce segments, lines, rays, etc.[half-dozen] A capital A is also typically used every bit one of the letters to correspond an angle in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side opposite angle A.[5]
"A" is often used to announce something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or status: A-, A or A+, the best class that can be assigned past teachers for students' schoolwork; "A class" for clean restaurants; A-list celebrities, etc. Such associations can have a motivating effect, as exposure to the alphabetic character A has been institute to improve operation, when compared with other letters.[13]
"A" is used as a prefix on some words, such as asymmetry, to mean "not" or "without" (from Greek).
In English grammar, "a", and its variant "an", is an indefinite article, used to introduce noun phrases.
Finally, the letter A is used to announce size, as in a narrow size shoe,[5] or a small cup size in a brassiere.[14]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- A with diacritics: Å å Ǻ ǻ Ḁ ḁ ẚ Ă ă Ặ ặ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ȃ ȃ Â â Ậ ậ Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẫ ẫ Ẩ ẩ Ả ả Ǎ ǎ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ạ ạ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ À à Ȁ ȁ Á á Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ Ã ã Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ ᶏ[15]
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɑ ɑ : Latin letter alpha / script A, which represents an open back unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶐ : Latin small alphabetic character blastoff with retroflex hook[xv]
- Ɐ ɐ : Turned A, which represents a near-open up cardinal vowel in the IPA
- Λ ʌ : Turned V (also called a wedge, a caret, or a hat), which represents an open-mid back unrounded vowel in the IPA
- Ɒ ɒ : Turned alpha / script A, which represents an open up dorsum rounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶛ : Modifier letter small-scale turned alpha[fifteen]
- ᴀ : Small upper-case letter A, an obsolete or not-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to correspond various sounds (mainly open up vowels)
- A a ᵄ : Modifier messages are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA)[16] (sometimes encoded with Unicode subscripts and superscripts)
- a : Subscript small a is used in Indo-European studies[17]
- ꬱ : Small letter of the alphabet a reversed-schwa is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription arrangement[18]
- Ꞻ ꞻ : Glottal A, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic[nineteen]
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- ª : an ordinal indicator
- Å : Ångström sign
- ∀ : a turned uppercase A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification ("for all")
- @ : At sign
- ₳ : Argentine austral
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤀 : Semitic letter Aleph, from which the post-obit symbols originally derive[20]
- Α α : Greek letter Blastoff, from which the post-obit messages derive[21]
- А а : Cyrillic alphabetic character A[22]
- Ⲁ ⲁ : Coptic letter Alpha[23]
- 𐌀 : Old Italic A, which is the ancestor of modern Latin A[24] [25]
- ᚨ : Runic letter ansuz, which probably derives from old Italic A[26]
- 𐌰 : Gothic letter of the alphabet aza/asks[27]
- Α α : Greek letter Blastoff, from which the post-obit messages derive[21]
- Ա ա : Armenian letter of the alphabet Ayb
Lawmaking points
These are the code points for the forms of the letter in diverse systems
| Preview | A | a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Capital LETTER A | LATIN Small Letter A | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 65 | U+0041 | 97 | U+0061 |
| UTF-viii | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
| Numeric graphic symbol reference | A | A | a | a |
| EBCDIC family | 193 | C1 | 129 | 81 |
| ASCII 1 | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
Use as a number
In the hexadecimal (base xvi) numbering organisation, A is a number that corresponds to the number 10 in decimal (base of operations 10) counting.
Notes
- ^ Aes is the plural of the proper noun of the letter of the alphabet. The plural of the alphabetic character itself is rendered As, A's, as, or a'due south.[2]
Footnotes
- ^ "Latin alphabet | Definition, Clarification, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ a b Simpson & Weiner 1989, p. 1
- ^ McCarter 1974, p. 54
- ^ a b c Hoiberg 2010, p. 1
- ^ a b c d Hall-Quest 1997, p. i
- ^ a b c d Diringer 2000, p. i
- ^ Gelb & Whiting 1998, p. 45
- ^ "Alphabetic character frequency (English)". en.algoritmy.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ "Corpus de Thomas Tempé". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
- ^ Pratt, Fletcher (1942). Secret and Urgent: The story of codes and ciphers. Garden City, NY: Blue Ribbon Books. pp. 254–5. OCLC 795065.
- ^ "Frequência da ocorrência de letras no Português". Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
- ^ Tom Sorell, Descartes: A Very Brusque Introduction, (2000). New York: Oxford University Printing. p. 19.
- ^ Ciani & Sheldon 2010, pp. 99–100
- ^ Luciani, Jené (2009). The Bra Book: The Fashion Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra. Dallas, TX: Benbella Books. p. 13. ISBN9781933771946. OCLC 317453115.
- ^ a b c Constable, Peter (nineteen April 2004), L2/04-132 Proposal to Add Additional Phonetic Characters to the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on xi October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via world wide web.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002), L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet Characters for the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on nineteen February 2018, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via world wide web.unicode.org
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (vii June 2004), L2/04-191: Proposal to Encode Six Indo-Europeanist Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on eleven October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (ii June 2011), L2/11-202: Revised Proposal to Encode "Teuthonista" Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Suignard, Michel (ix May 2017), L2/17-076R2: Revised Proposal for the Encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic Characters (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on xxx March 2019, retrieved 8 March 2019 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Jensen, Hans (1969). Sign, Symbol, and Script. New York: G.P. Putman'south Sons.
- ^ "Hebrew Lesson of the Week: The Alphabetic character Aleph". 17 Feb 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018 – via The Times of Israel.
- ^ "Cyrillic Alphabet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ Silvestre, Grand. J. B. (1850). Universal Palaeography. Translated by Madden, Frederic. London: Henry One thousand. Bohn. Archived from the original on seven May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Frothingham, A. L., Jr. (1891). "Italic Studies". Archaeological News. American Journal of Archaeology. 7 (4): 534. JSTOR496497. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Steele, Philippa 1000., ed. (2017). Agreement Relations Betwixt Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN9781785706479. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 27 Oct 2020.
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin West. (2010). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction (second ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359688. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ "𐌰". Wiktionary. Archived from the original on 17 Dec 2020. Retrieved 25 Jan 2021.
References
- "English language Alphabetic character Frequency". Math Explorer's Society. Cornell University. 2004. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- "Percentages of Letter Frequencies per Thousand Words". Trinity College. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- Ciani, Keith D.; Sheldon, Kennon Chiliad. (2010). "A Versus F: The Effects of Implicit Letter Priming on Cognitive Performance". British Journal of Educational Psychology. lxxx (ane): 99–119. doi:x.1348/000709909X466479. PMID 19622200.
- Diringer, David (2000). "A". In Bayer, Patricia (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. I: A-Anjou (Kickoff ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-0133-four.
- Gelb, I. J.; Whiting, R. K. (1998). "A". In Ranson, K. Anne (ed.). Academic American Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A–Ang (Start ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-2068-7.
- Hall-Quest, Olga Wilbourne (1997). "A". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier'due south Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A to Ameland (Commencement ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "A". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. ane: A-ak–Bayes. Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN978-1-59339-837-8.
- McCarter, P. Kyle (1974). "The Early Diffusion of the Alphabet". The Biblical Archeologist. 37 (3): 54–68. doi:x.2307/3210965. JSTOR 3210965. S2CID 126182369.
- Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E.S.C., eds. (1989). "A". The Oxford English language Lexicon. Vol. I: A–Bazouki (2d ed.). Oxford, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0-nineteen-861213-1.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to A. |
 | Wait up A or a in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- History of the Alphabet
-
Texts on Wikisource: - "A" in A Dictionary of the English by Samuel Johnson
- "A". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- "A". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "A". The New Pupil's Reference Piece of work. 1914.
- "A". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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